🪔 દિવાળી (Diwali)

All dates calculated using Swiss Ephemeris DE441. The દિવાળી date is determined by the Amavasya of Kartika month (Krishna Paksha 30th).

Diwali marks the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya after 14 years of exile and his victory over the demon king Ravana. The citizens of Ayodhya lit rows of earthen lamps (diyas) to welcome their beloved king — a tradition that has continued for thousands of years. In the Jain tradition, Diwali marks the nirvana (liberation) of Lord Mahavira in 527 BCE. The Sikh community celebrates Bandi Chhor Divas on the same day, commemorating the release of Guru Hargobind Ji from Gwalior Fort in 1619. The festival is mentioned in ancient texts including the Skanda Purana, Padma Purana, and is referenced as far back as the 9th century CE in Sanskrit literature.

Diwali represents the triumph of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil. The lighting of diyas symbolizes the removal of spiritual darkness from our hearts and homes. Goddess Lakshmi, the deity of wealth and prosperity, is traditionally worshipped on Diwali night. Merchants close their accounting books and begin new accounts on this day — it marks the beginning of the Hindu New Year in many communities (especially in Gujarat). The five days of Diwali each have their own significance: Dhanteras (wealth worship), Naraka Chaturdashi (Choti Diwali), Lakshmi Puja (main day), Govardhan Puja (Padwa), and Bhai Dooj (Yama Dvitiya).

**Day 1 — Dhanteras (Dhan Trayodashi):** Buy gold, silver, or new utensils. Perform Kuber and Lakshmi puja in the evening. Light the first diya of the season. **Day 2 — Naraka Chaturdashi (Choti Diwali):** Wake before sunrise for an oil bath. This day commemorates Krishna's victory over the demon Narakasura. **Day 3 — Lakshmi Puja (Main Diwali):** Clean and decorate the home with rangoli. Perform Lakshmi-Ganesh puja after sunset during the Pradosh Kaal. Light diyas throughout the home. **Day 4 — Govardhan Puja (Annakut):** Offer 56 food items (Chhappan Bhog) to Lord Krishna. Celebrate the lifting of Govardhan mountain. **Day 5 — Bhai Dooj:** Sisters perform aarti for their brothers and pray for their long life.

**Andhra Pradesh & Telangana:** Celebrated as Deepavali. Naraka Chaturdashi is emphasized — oil bath before sunrise is mandatory. Special sweets: Ariselu, Bobbatlu. **Tamil Nadu:** Known as Deepavali. Celebrated one day earlier than North India in some communities. Special dish: Legiyam (digestive herbal preparation). **Karnataka:** Called Deepavali. Special tradition of Narak Chaturdashi oil bath. Special sweet: Karjikai. **Maharashtra:** Called Diwali. Five-day celebration. Special sweets: Faral (mixture of chakli, ladoo, karanji). **Gujarat:** Diwali marks the New Year (Bestu Varas). New accounting books opened. Special sweet: Mohanthal. **North India:** Strong emphasis on Lakshmi Puja. Crackers and fireworks. Special sweets: Gulab jamun, barfi, mathri.

**Lakshmi Puja Muhurtha 2026:** The most auspicious time for Lakshmi Puja on Diwali is during Pradosh Kaal (after sunset) when the Amavasya tithi is active. For 2026 (8 November), the puja muhurtha will be announced closer to the date. **Materials needed:** Lakshmi-Ganesh idol, new red cloth, flowers (lotus preferred), sweets (kheer, ladoo), coins, incense sticks, ghee diya, kalash with water, 5 leaves of mango/betel. **Puja Steps:** 1. Purify the space with Ganga jal (or clean water) 2. Place Lakshmi-Ganesh on red cloth facing East or North 3. Light ghee diya and incense 4. Offer flowers, sweets, fruits 5. Recite Lakshmi Stotram or Mahalakshmi Ashtakam 6. Perform aarti with camphor 7. Distribute prasad to all family members